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Cogito, Ergo Sum
Descartes' foundational principle. Even if one doubts everything, the act of doubting (thinking) proves the existence of a thinking subject.
Demon (Evil Demon)
A skeptical hypothesis used by Descartes in his Meditations: Suppose an omnipotent, malicious demon is deceiving me about everything, including mathematical truths. Does anything remain certain?
Ego
The thinking subject or "I" (res cogitans) whose existence is proven by the cogito argument. It is a substantial, immaterial soul distinct from the body.
Extension
In Cartesian metaphysics, the essential property of matter (res extensa), defined as being extended in space.
Incorporeality
The state of not having a body or spatial extension, such as the mind (Res Cogitans) in Cartesian dualism.
Innate Ideas
The belief that certain concepts exist in the mind from its creation, not derived from sensory experience.
Interactionism
The dualist view that the mind and body have causal effects on each other.