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Loka
(Sanskrit) World, realm, or plane of existence. In Indian cosmology, it refers to different levels of the universe (e.g., Bhuloka or the earth, Svargaloka or heaven).
Lokayata
(Sanskrit) "Directed towards the world." Another name for the Charvaka school of Indian philosophy, which is characterized by materialism and atheism, holding that only the material world is real.
Love
A profound feeling of affection, attraction, or devotion. Philosophically, it is categorized into various types, such as Eros (passionate love), Philia (friendship), and Agape (unconditional or divine...
Loyalty
A strong feeling of support or allegiance to a person, group, or cause. In ethics, it is considered a virtue involving faithfulness and devotion to obligations.
Macrocosm
The great world or the universe as a whole. It is often contrasted with the "Microcosm" (the individual or man), based on the philosophical belief that the same principles or structures exist in both...
Madhyamika
(Sanskrit) The "Middle Way" school of Mahayana Buddhism, founded by Nagarjuna. It emphasizes the doctrine of Shunyata (Emptiness), holding that all phenomena are empty of intrinsic nature or independe...
Mahat
(Sanskrit) "The Great One." In Samkhya philosophy, it is the first evolute or product of Prakriti (Primal Nature). It represents the cosmic intellect or the universal principle of determination.
Mahayana
(Sanskrit) "Great Vehicle." One of the two major branches of Buddhism. It emphasizes the ideal of the Bodhisattva, who seeks enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings, and stresses the concept...
Manas
(Sanskrit) Mind or the internal organ of perception. In Indian philosophy, it is the faculty that coordinates the functions of the external senses and serves as the instrument of thought, feeling, and...
Mantra
(Sanskrit) A sacred sound, syllable, word, or group of words believed to have spiritual and psychological power. In philosophy and religion, it is used as a tool for concentration and spiritual realiz...
Maya
(Sanskrit) Illusion or creative power. In Advaita Vedanta, it refers to the mysterious power of Brahman that makes the non-dual reality appear as the manifold world of names and forms. It is also desc...
Mechanism
The philosophical view that all natural phenomena can be explained by the laws of matter and motion, essentially comparing the universe and living organisms to complex machines.
Meliorism
The belief that the world is neither entirely good nor entirely bad, but can be made better through human effort and moral action. It stands as a middle ground between optimism and pessimism.
Microcosm
The "small world." In philosophy, it refers to man or the individual viewed as an epitome or a miniature representation of the universe (Macrocosm).
Mimamsa
(Sanskrit) One of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy. It focuses on the investigation of the nature of Dharma and the interpretation of the ritualistic portions of the Vedas.
Moksha
(Sanskrit) Liberation or release. In Indian philosophy, it is the ultimate goal of human life, representing the freedom of the soul from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (Samsara) and the attain...
Moral Philosophy
The study of values and ethics; the branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of right and wrong, virtue, and duty.
Mysticism
The belief that direct knowledge of God, spiritual truth, or ultimate reality can be attained through subjective experience, intuition, or insight that transcends ordinary perception and rational thou...
Naishkarmya
(Sanskrit) A state of actionlessness or freedom from the bondage of karma. In Vedanta, it refers to the spiritual realization where one is no longer bound by the results of actions because they are pe...
Nastika
(Sanskrit) "Atheist" or "Heterodox." In Indian philosophy, it refers to those schools that do not accept the authority of the Vedas. The three primary nastika schools are Charvaka, Buddhism, and Jaini...