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Natural Selection
The central mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, by which individuals with inherited traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully.
Naturalism
The philosophical doctrine that everything can be explained in terms of natural causes and laws, without recourse to any supernatural or spiritual entities. It holds that nature is the ultimate realit...
Negation
In logic, a formal operation that takes a proposition and replaces it with its contradictory. If a statement is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.
Neo-Platonism
A philosophical and religious system, founded by Plotinus in the 3rd century AD, which sought to reconcile Platonic thought with other elements of ancient philosophy. It emphasizes the emanation of al...
Neti-Neti
(Sanskrit) "Not this, not this." An Upanishadic expression used to describe the nature of the Absolute (Brahman) by negating all finite and empirical attributes. It signifies that the ultimate reality...
Nihilism
The philosophical position that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. It often involves the rejection of all religious and moral principles.
Nimitta
(Sanskrit) Cause, motive, or instrumental reason. In Indian philosophy, it refers to the efficient cause (e.g., the potter) as distinguished from the material cause (Upadana, e.g., the clay).
Nirguna
(Sanskrit) Without attributes or qualities. In Vedanta, it refers to the impersonal Absolute (Brahman) as it is in itself, beyond all human conceptualization and limitation.
Nirvana
(Sanskrit) "Blowing out" or "extinction." The ultimate goal of Buddhism, representing the cessation of suffering, desire, and the cycle of rebirth (Samsara). It is a state of supreme peace and liberat...
Nirvikalpa
(Sanskrit) Indeterminate or without distinctions. In Indian philosophy, it refers to a type of higher perception or meditation where the distinction between the subject, object, and the act of knowled...
Nivritti
(Sanskrit) The path of renunciation or "turning away" from worldly activities and desires in order to pursue spiritual liberation. It is contrasted with Pravritti (the path of worldly engagement).
Niyama
(Sanskrit) Observance or discipline. In Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, it refers to the second limb of Yoga, consisting of five ethical observances: purity, contentment, austerity, self-study, and devotion...
Nominalism
The philosophical view that universal concepts or general terms (universals) do not have any objective reality outside of the mind; they are merely "names" or labels used to describe groups of individ...
Normative
Relating to or deriving from a standard or norm, especially of behavior. In ethics, normative theories seek to establish the standards of what is right or wrong, as opposed to merely describing how pe...
Noumenon
In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a "thing-in-itself" (German: Ding an sich) that exists independently of human sense perception. Kant argued that while we can know phenomena (things as they appear)...
Nyaya
(Sanskrit) One of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy, founded by Gautama. It is primarily concerned with logic, the theory of knowledge (epistemology), and the methods of valid rea...
Objective
Relating to an object as it exists in reality, independent of the thoughts, feelings, or prejudices of the subject. In epistemology, objective knowledge is that which is based on facts and is universa...
Obligation
A moral or legal requirement to act in a certain way; a duty. In ethics, it refers to the binding force of a moral law that necessitates a particular course of conduct.
Occultism
The study or practice of hidden, secret, or supernatural powers and laws, often involving mystical or esoteric knowledge that is not accessible to ordinary sense perception or rational inquiry.
Om (Aum)
(Sanskrit) The most sacred syllable in Indian philosophy and religion. It is considered the primordial sound and the symbol of the Absolute (Brahman), representing the totality of the universe and the...