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Word
In philosophy and linguistics, a unit of language that carries meaning. In Indian philosophy (Sabda), the "Word" or verbal testimony is often analyzed as a valid source of primary knowledge, particula...
Xenocrates
A Greek philosopher and mathematician who was the head of the Academy after Speusippus. He is known for dividing philosophy into three parts: Physics, Ethics, and Logic, and for his belief that mathem...
Xenophanes
A Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and poet. He is famous for his critique of anthropomorphism in religion, arguing that humans create gods in their own image. He proposed a single, non-anthropomorphic...
Xenophilia
(Ethics/Social Philosophy) An attraction to or appreciation for foreign people, cultures, or customs. In social philosophy, it is discussed in contrast to xenophobia, exploring the ethical dimensions...
Xenophobia
(Ethics/Social Philosophy) An irrational fear, hatred, or contempt for that which is foreign or strange, especially people from other countries. Philosophically, it is analyzed in the context of ethic...
Xenophon
An ancient Greek philosopher and historian who was a student of Socrates. His writings, particularly the Memorabilia, are a major source of information about Socrates' life and teachings, presenting a...
Yadrcchavada (Yadrichavada)
(Sanskrit) The doctrine of accidentalism. A view often associated with the Charvaka school, which holds that the world and its events are produced by chance or accident, without any determining cause...
Yajur Veda
One of the four Vedas, primarily consisting of sacrificial formulas (yajus) and rituals to be performed by the priests. It provides the ritualistic background for later philosophical developments in t...
Yama
(Sanskrit) Ethical Restraint: The first limb (anga) of Patanjali’s Eightfold Yoga, consisting of five moral vows: non-violence (Ahimsa), truthfulness (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), continence (Brahma...
Yatna
(Sanskrit) Effort, exertion, or perseverance. In Indian psychology and ethics, it refers to the conscious effort of the will to achieve a specific goal or to practice spiritual discipline.
Yoga
(Sanskrit) Literally "union" or "yoke." Generally, any spiritual discipline aimed at the union of the individual soul (Atman) with the Absolute (Brahman). As a philosophy, it is one of the six orthodo...
Yoga-Sutra
The foundational text of the Yoga school of philosophy, attributed to the sage Patanjali. It consists of 196 aphorisms (sutras) divided into four chapters, outlining the theory and practice of classic...
Yogachara
(Sanskrit) The "Practice of Yoga" school. A major school of Mahayana Buddhism, also known as Vijnanavada (the Way of Consciousness). It maintains that only consciousness or mind (Vijnana) is real, and...
Yogi (Yogin)
(Sanskrit) A practitioner of Yoga. One who seeks spiritual realization and liberation through the disciplined practice of physical, mental, and spiritual exercises.
Yogic Perception (Yogaja)
In Indian epistemology (Nyaya and Yoga), a type of extraordinary perception (Alaukika Pratyaksha) attained through the power of meditation. It allows the yogi to perceive objects that are distant, sub...
Zealot
(Ethics/Social Philosophy) An individual who is fanatically committed to a particular cause, religion, or ideology. In social philosophy, the term is used to analyze the psychological and ethical impl...
Zen
(Japanese/Sanskrit) Derived from the Sanskrit Dhyana (meditation). A school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China (as Chan) and developed in Japan. It emphasizes the value of meditation and in...
Zero
(Philosophy of Mathematics/Indian Philosophy) In the context of Indian philosophy, it is related to the concept of Shunya (void or emptiness). Philosophically, it represents the point of origin, the s...
Zoroastrianism
The ancient pre-Islamic religion of Persia (Iran) founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra). It is characterized by a strong dualism between the forces of good (Ahura Mazda) and evil (Angra Mainy...