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Pralaya
(Sanskrit) Dissolution or destruction. In Indian cosmology, it refers to the periodic dissolution of the universe into its primal cause (Prakriti or Brahman) at the end of a cosmic cycle.
Pramana
(Sanskrit) A source or means of valid knowledge. Indian schools of philosophy recognize various pramanas, such as Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference), and Sabda (verbal testimony).
Prana
(Sanskrit) Breath or life-force. In Indian philosophy and Yoga, it is the vital energy that animates all living beings and permeates the universe.
Pratyaksha
(Sanskrit) Direct perception. In Indian epistemology, it is considered the primary source of knowledge, involving the contact of sense organs with their objects.
Pravritti
(Sanskrit) The path of active involvement in the world; the pursuit of worldly goals and the performance of duties in society. It is the opposite of Nivritti (renunciation).
Psychology
The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context. Originally, it was considered a branch of philosophy dealing with the soul.
Purusha
(Sanskrit) The Self, Spirit, or Pure Consciousness. In Samkhya philosophy, it is the eternal, unchanging, and passive principle that is distinct from Prakriti. There are believed to be an infinite num...
Pythagoreanism
The esoteric system of philosophy and mathematics founded by Pythagoras, which emphasized the importance of numbers and harmony as the fundamental principles of the universe.
Qualities, Primary and Secondary
A distinction in epistemology most famously associated with John Locke. Primary qualities (e.g., size, shape, motion, number) are intrinsic to the object and exist independently of the observer. Secon...
Radicalism
A philosophical and political doctrine that advocates for thorough or extreme social and political reform from the root. It emphasizes the fundamental rights of individuals and the power of reason to...
Raja-Yoga
(Sanskrit) The "Royal Yoga." The system of yoga attributed to Patanjali, focusing on the discipline of the mind and the attainment of higher states of consciousness (Samadhi) through eight limbs (Asht...
Rajas
(Sanskrit) Activity, passion, or restlessness. In Samkhya philosophy, it is one of the three Gunas (fundamental qualities of nature). It is the principle of motion and energy that causes change and cr...
Ratna-traya
(Sanskrit) The "Three Jewels." In Jain philosophy, these are the three paths to liberation: Right Faith (Samyak Darshana), Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana), and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra).
Realism
The philosophical view that objects of sense perception or universal concepts exist independently of the mind that perceives or thinks about them. It stands in contrast to idealism.
Reason
The mental faculty of uniquely human intelligence that allows for logical thinking, judgment, and the derivation of conclusions from premises. It is often distinguished from feeling and intuition.
Relativity
The philosophical view that truth, morality, or knowledge are not absolute but depend on the context, culture, or individual perspective, implying the absence of a universal standard of truth or right...
Religion
A system of beliefs, practices, and values often centered on the relationship between humanity and a divine or supernatural power. Philosophically, it is studied through the "Philosophy of Religion."
Renaissance
Literally " rebirth." The historical period of intellectual and cultural flowering in Europe (14th–16th centuries) that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era, emphasizing humani...
Revelation
The communication of truth from a divine source to humanity, which is often considered beyond the reach of ordinary human reason or experience.
Right
In ethics and political philosophy, a justified claim or entitlement to something, or a freedom to act in a certain way, which others have a duty to respect.