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Omnipresence
The attribute of being present everywhere at the same time. In theology, it refers to God's presence throughout the entire universe.
Omniscience
The attribute of having infinite or total knowledge; knowing everything. In theology, it refers to God's perfect knowledge of all things past, present, and future.
One, The
In the philosophy of Plotinus and Neo-Platonism, the ultimate, transcendent, and simple source of all reality from which everything else emanates. It is beyond all description and conceptualization.
Operationalism
A philosophical doctrine that the meaning of a scientific term or concept is defined by the set of operations or procedures used to measure it.
Optimism
The philosophical view that the world is fundamentally good, or that good will ultimately prevail over evil. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz famously argued that this is the "best of all possible worlds."
Organicism
The philosophical theory that the universe, or certain parts of it, should be understood as a living organism rather than a machine. It emphasizes the interdependence and unity of all parts within a w...
Orthodox
Conforming to established or traditional doctrines, especially in religion or philosophy. In Indian philosophy, "orthodox" (astika) refers to those schools that accept the authority of the Vedas.
Ought
A term used to express moral obligation, duty, or correctness. In ethics, the "is-ought problem" (Hume's Guillotine) concerns the difficulty of deriving a statement of what ought to be from a statemen...
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In ethics, especially in Utilitarianism, pain is considered the opposite of pleasure and a state to be...
Paradox
A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. In logic, paradoxes are studied to identify flaws in reasoning or language.
Paramatman
(Sanskrit) The Supreme Soul or the Universal Spirit. In Vedanta philosophy, it refers to the Absolute (Brahman) as the inner self of all beings, distinguishing it from the individual soul (Jivatman).
Parinama
(Sanskrit) Transformation, evolution, or change. In Samkhya and Yoga philosophy, it refers to the process by which Prakriti (Nature) undergoes modifications to produce the manifold world.
Pessimism
The philosophical view that evil outweighs good in the world, or that the world is fundamentally a place of suffering. Arthur Schopenhauer is a notable proponent of this view.
Philosophy
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. It involves critical inquiry into the principles of reason, ethics, and metaphysics.
Platonism
The philosophical system of Plato and his followers, characterized by the belief in the existence of abstract, eternal, and unchanging "Forms" or "Ideas" that are the true reality, of which the physic...
Pleasure
A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment. In ethical hedonism and Utilitarianism, pleasure is regarded as the highest good and the ultimate goal of human action.
Pluralism
The philosophical doctrine that reality is composed of many ultimate substances or principles, rather than just one (monism) or two (dualism). In social philosophy, it refers to the coexistence of div...
Positivism
A philosophical system that recognizes only that which can be scientifically verified or which is capable of logical or mathematical proof. It rejects metaphysics and theology as meaningless.
Pragmatism
A philosophical movement that defines the meaning and truth of ideas in terms of their practical consequences and usefulness. It was pioneered by thinkers like Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, a...
Prakriti
(Sanskrit) Nature or the primal matter. In Samkhya philosophy, it is the eternal, unconscious, and creative principle that, under the influence of Purusha, evolves into the material world.