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Harmony
The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. In Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy, it refers to the orderly and proportional arrangement of the parts of the universe or the soul.
Hatha Yoga
(Sanskrit) A system of physical exercises and breathing control used in Yoga to prepare the body for spiritual meditation. It emphasizes the balancing of opposite energies in the body.
Hedonism
The ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life. Psychological hedonism claims people only seek pleasure; ethical hedoni...
Henotheism
A term coined by Max Müller to describe a form of religious belief where one god is worshipped as supreme without denying the existence of other gods. This is often seen in the Vedic religion of ancie...
Heracliteanism
The philosophy of Heraclitus of Ephesus, who emphasized that the fundamental nature of reality is change (panta rhei - "everything flows") and that the world is governed by a divine principle of order...
Heteronomy
The state of being subject to the laws or rules of another. In Kantian ethics, it is the opposite of autonomy; it refers to actions determined by external influences (like desires or social pressure)...
Hetu
(Sanskrit) Cause, reason, or motive. In Indian logic (Nyaya), it refers to the middle term or the reason/ground in a syllogism that establishes the relationship between the subject and the property to...
Hinayana
(Sanskrit) "Small Vehicle." A term used (primarily by Mahayana Buddhists) to refer to the more conservative schools of early Buddhism, such as Theravada, which focus on individual liberation and the a...
Hinduism
The predominant religion and philosophy of the Indian subcontinent, characterized by a diverse family of beliefs and practices, including the authority of the Vedas, the concepts of Karma, Samsara, an...
Humanism
A philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism...
Hylozoism
The philosophical doctrine that all matter is invested with life, or that life and matter are inseparable. Many early Greek philosophers (Pre-Socratics) held this view.
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. In logic, it is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or emp...
Identity, Law of
A fundamental principle of logic stating that a thing is identical with itself (A is A). It is one of the three classical laws of thought.
Idols
In the philosophy of Francis Bacon, the various fallacies, prejudices, or errors of the mind that hinder the discovery of truth. Bacon identified four types: Idols of the Tribe, Cave, Market-place, an...
Illusion
A deceptive appearance or a misinterpretation of a sensory stimulus. In philosophy, especially in the context of epistemology, it is studied to distinguish between appearance and reality. (See also: M...
Imagination
The faculty of the mind that forms images, ideas, and sensations without the direct input of the senses. It is often distinguished into "productive imagination" (creative) and "reproductive imaginatio...
Immanence
The philosophical and theological concept that the divine or the ultimate reality is present within the physical world and the human soul, as opposed to being purely transcendent (beyond the world).
Imperative
In ethics, a command or a rule of action. Immanuel Kant distinguished between "Hypothetical Imperatives" (conditional commands, e.g., "If you want X, do Y") and "Categorical Imperatives" (absolute mor...
Impression
In the philosophy of David Hume, the immediate and vivid data of sensory experience (sensations, passions, and emotions) from which all our ideas are derived.
Indriya
(Sanskrit) Sense organ or faculty. In Indian philosophy, it refers to the instruments of cognition and action. There are usually ten indriyas: five of perception (Jnanendriya) and five of action (Karm...