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Behaviorism
A school of psychology and philosophy which holds that the proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than internal mental states or consciousness.
Belief
The mental state of holding a proposition or premise to be true. It is often distinguished from knowledge, which requires justification and truth.
Benevolence
(Ethics) The disposition to do good and promote the happiness of others; an act of kindness or generosity.
Benthamism
The utilitarian philosophy associated with Jeremy Bentham, holding that the moral worth of an action is determined by its utility in providing the "greatest happiness for the greatest number."
Berkeleyanism
The subjective idealism of George Berkeley, famously summarized as "Esse est percipi" (To be is to be perceived).
Bhakti
(Sanskrit) Devotion, love, or attachment to God. It implies a personal relationship between the devotee and the deity.
Bhakti-yoga
(Sanskrit) The path of union with the Divine through intense love and devotion. One of the main paths (Yogas) in Hindu philosophy.
Bodhisattva
(Sanskrit) In Mahayana Buddhism, a being who has generated the "awakening mind" (Bodhicitta) and is destined for enlightenment, but who vows to save all beings from suffering before entering Nirvana.
Brahman
(Sanskrit) The Absolute; the Ultimate Reality in Vedanta philosophy. It is the impersonal, supreme, and eternal principle which is the source and ground of the universe.
Brahmin
(Sanskrit) A member of the priestly or highest caste in the traditional Hindu social hierarchy (Varna system), traditionally responsible for religious rituals and scholarship.
Buddha
(Sanskrit/Pali) "The Awakened One." The title given to Siddhartha Gautama after he attained enlightenment. Also refers to the state of enlightenment itself.
Buddhi
(Sanskrit) Intellect, intelligence, or discriminative faculty. In Sankhya philosophy, it is the first evolute of Prakriti (matter/nature) and is responsible for decision-making.
Buddhism
The religion and philosophy founded by Gautama Buddha, based on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, aiming for the cessation of suffering (Nirvana).
Caitanya (Chaitanya)
(Sanskrit) Consciousness, intelligence, or spirit. In Indian philosophy, it refers to the pure consciousness that is the essence of the soul or the ultimate reality.
Cartesianism
The philosophical system of René Descartes and his followers, characterized by the use of methodic doubt, the dualism of mind and matter, and the emphasis on reason as the source of knowledge.
Categorical Imperative
In the ethics of Immanuel Kant, the supreme unconditional moral law: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
Causality
The principle or relationship between cause and effect; the belief that every event has a cause and that the same cause will always produce the same effect under the same conditions.
Cause
That which produces an effect or brings about a change. Aristotle distinguished four types of causes: material, formal, efficient, and final.
Charvaka (Carvaka)
(Sanskrit) An ancient school of Indian materialism that rejects the authority of the Vedas, the existence of the soul after death, and the concept of God, holding that only the material world is real.
Chitta
(Sanskrit) In Indian psychology and philosophy, chitta refers to the mind-stuff or the storehouse of impressions and mental modifications.