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Induction
A method of reasoning in which general principles are derived from particular instances or observations. Unlike deduction, the conclusion of an inductive argument is probable rather than certain.
Inference
The logical process of passing from one or more propositions (premises) to another proposition (conclusion) whose truth is believed to follow from the former. (See also: Anumana).
Instinct
An innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals or humans in response to certain stimuli. In philosophy, it is often debated in relation to reason and learned behavior.
Intellect
The power of the mind to think, reason, and understand. It is often distinguished from the senses and the will as the faculty of clear and distinct cognition.
Intention
The aim or purpose behind an action. In ethics and the philosophy of mind, it is used to determine the moral quality of an action and to distinguish voluntary from involuntary acts.
Intuition
The immediate apprehension of an object or truth by the mind without the intervention of any reasoning process. In Indian philosophy, it refers to direct spiritual realization (Pratibha).
Ishvara
(Sanskrit) The Lord or God. In various schools of Indian philosophy (such as Yoga and later Vedanta), it refers to the personal God who is the creator, sustainer, and ruler of the universe, possessing...
Jainism
One of the ancient heterodox (nastika) schools of Indian philosophy founded or systematized by Vardhamana Mahavira. It emphasizes non-violence (Ahimsa), the existence of an infinite number of individu...
Jansenism
A Christian theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. It was based on the posthumous work of Corneliu...
Jati
(Sanskrit) Birth, genus, or caste. In Indian philosophy and logic, it refers to a class or species of things characterized by a common nature. In the Nyaya system, it can also refer to a "futile rejoi...
Jivanmukti
(Sanskrit) Liberation while still living. The philosophical concept in schools like Advaita Vedanta and Samkhya that a person can attain spiritual enlightenment and freedom from the cycle of rebirth w...
Jnana
(Sanskrit) Knowledge or wisdom. In Indian philosophy, it specifically refers to higher, spiritual knowledge of the ultimate reality or the self, which leads to liberation (Moksha).
Jnana-yoga
(Sanskrit) The path of knowledge. One of the primary paths of Yoga in Hindu philosophy, which involves the intellectual and intuitive pursuit of truth and the realization of the identity of the indivi...
Jnanendriya
(Sanskrit) The five organs of perception or knowledge: hearing (ears), touch (skin), sight (eyes), taste (tongue), and smell (nose).
Judgment
The mental act of affirming or denying a relation between two concepts or objects. In logic, a judgment is expressed in the form of a proposition.
Justice
The principle of moral rightness and equity; the virtue of giving to each person what is their due. In political philosophy, it refers to the fair distribution of goods, rights, and responsibilities w...
Justification
The process or ground by which a belief is shown to be reasonable or supported by evidence. In epistemology, it is often considered a necessary condition for a belief to count as knowledge (Justified...
Jyoti
(Sanskrit) Light or radiance. In a spiritual sense, it refers to the divine light of consciousness or the inner light of the self that dispels the darkness of ignorance.
Kala
(Sanskrit) Time. In various schools of Indian philosophy, it is considered either as an independent eternal substance (as in Nyaya-Vaisheshika) or as a power of the ultimate reality (as in some school...
Kapila
The legendary sage who is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy, one of the oldest systematic thought-systems in India.