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Rita (Rta)
(Sanskrit) The cosmic order or sacred law that governs the universe in Vedic philosophy. It is the principle of natural and moral regularity to which even the gods are subject.
Rousseauism
The philosophical ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, emphasizing the inherent goodness of man in a "state of nature," the corrupting influence of society, and the concept of the "General Will" in politic...
Rule of Law
The political principle that all members of a society, including those in government, are equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes.
Sabda (Shabda)
(Sanskrit) Word or sound. In Indian epistemology, it refers to verbal testimony as a valid source of knowledge (Pramana), especially the testimony of a reliable person (Apta) or the sacred scriptures...
Sadhya
(Sanskrit) That which is to be proved. In Indian logic (Nyaya), it refers to the major term in a syllogism, which is the property we seek to establish as belonging to the subject (Paksha).
Salvation
Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ. In a broader philosophical sense, it refers to the preservation or deliverance from harm, ruin...
Samadhi
(Sanskrit) A state of intense concentration or meditative absorption. In Yoga philosophy, it is the eighth and final limb of the path, where the mind becomes completely identified with the object of m...
Samkhya (Sankhya)
(Sanskrit) One of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy, traditionally founded by Kapila. It is a dualistic system that posits two ultimate realities: Purusha (pure consciousness) and...
Samsara
(Sanskrit) The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, it is the transmigratory existence driven by karma.
Samskara
(Sanskrit) Mental impressions, recollections, or psychological imprints left by past actions and experiences. In Indian philosophy, these samskaras shape an individual's character and influence future...
Sannyasa
(Sanskrit) Renunciation or the "throwing down" of worldly life. The fourth stage (ashrama) of life in the Hindu tradition, dedicated entirely to spiritual pursuits and the attainment of liberation.
Scepticism (Skepticism)
The philosophical position that one should refrain from making definitive claims to knowledge, or that certain knowledge is impossible to attain. It emphasizes doubt and the need for rigorous question...
Scholasticism
The system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers. It sought to reconcile faith with reason.
Self
The individual person as the object of its own reflective consciousness. In philosophy, debates surround whether the self is a permanent substance (Atman) or a changing process.
Shunyata (Sunyata)
(Sanskrit) Emptiness or voidness. A central concept in Mahayana Buddhism, particularly in the Madhyamika school, which holds that all phenomena are empty of "own-being" or intrinsic nature and exist o...
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Sophism
A fallacious argument, especially one used deliberately to deceive. Originally, the term referred to the teachings of the Sophists in ancient Greece, who were paid teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
Soul
The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, often regarded as immortal. (See also: Atman, Jiva).
Spinozism
The philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza, characterized by a form of pantheistic monism which holds that there is only one substance (God or Nature) and that everything else is a mode or attribute o...
Subject
In epistemology, the conscious being that perceives or knows an object. In logic, the term in a proposition about which something is affirmed or denied.