ศัพท์ที่พบในแหล่งข้อมูลนี้
Subjectivism
The doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective truth. In ethics, it is the view that moral judgments are based on personal feelings or tastes rather than o...
Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion (e.g., All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal).
Synthesis
The combination of ideas or elements to form a connected whole. In Hegel's dialectic, it is the result of the conflict between a thesis and its antithesis, resolving their contradictions into a higher...
Taboo (Tabu)
A social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing. In philosophy and anthropology, it relates to the ori...
Tamas
(Sanskrit) Darkness, inertia, or ignorance. In Samkhya philosophy, it is one of the three Gunas (fundamental qualities of nature). It represents the principle of stability, resistance, and heaviness,...
Tanmatra
(Sanskrit) Subtle elements or "merely that." In Samkhya philosophy, these are the five subtle essences (sound, touch, color, taste, and smell) that serve as the intermediary between the ego (Ahankara)...
Tattva
(Sanskrit) Reality, essence, or "that-ness." In Indian philosophy, it refers to a fundamental principle or category of existence. Different schools identify different numbers of tattvas (e.g., 25 in S...
Theism
The belief in the existence of a God or gods, especially in one god as creator of the universe, intervening in it and sustaining a personal relationship with his creatures.
Thinking
The mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. In philosophy, it is considered the defining characteristic of the mind or the "thinking substance" (Res cog...
Time
The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole. Philosophers debate whether time is an objective reality or a subjective form of human p...
Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement that emphasizes the intuitive and spiritual over the empirical and material. In Kantian philosophy, it refers to the study of the conditions of the possibility of knowledge.
Transmigration of Souls
The belief that the soul, after the death of the body, is born again in another body (human, animal, or even plant) based on the merits of its past actions. (See also: Samsara, Metempsychosis).
Turiya
(Sanskrit) The "fourth" state of consciousness. In Vedanta philosophy, it is the state of pure consciousness that underlies and transcends the three ordinary states of waking (Jagrat), dreaming (Svapn...
Uniformity of Nature
The principle or assumption in science and philosophy that the same causes will always produce the same effects under the same conditions, and that the laws of nature are consistent throughout time an...
Universalism
In ethics, the view that some moral principles are universally applicable to all people regardless of culture or context. In theology, the belief that all human beings will eventually be saved or reco...
Upadana
(Sanskrit) Material cause or substrate. In Indian philosophy (e.g., Nyaya-Vaisheshika), it refers to the substance out of which an effect is produced (e.g., clay for a pot). In Buddhism, it is one of...
Upadhi
(Sanskrit) Limitation or adjunct. In Vedanta philosophy, it refers to the limiting conditions (such as the body, mind, and senses) that make the infinite Brahman appear as the individual soul (Jiva).
Upamana
(Sanskrit) Comparison or Analogy. In Indian epistemology (especially in the Nyaya school), it is one of the valid sources of knowledge (Pramanas), where knowledge of an unfamiliar object is gained thr...
Upanishads
(Sanskrit) A collection of ancient Sanskrit texts that contain the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism. They focus on the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman), the individual soul (Atman), and...
Upasaka
(Sanskrit) A follower or "sitter-near." In Buddhism and Jainism, it refers to a lay follower who practices the teachings without becoming a monk or nun.