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Cognition
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Concept
A general idea or mental representation that corresponds to a class of objects or properties.
Conceptualism
The philosophical theory that universal concepts (universals) exist only in the mind and have no objective reality outside of mental representation.
Conscience
An inner feeling or voice acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.
Contingent
In logic and metaphysics, that which is not necessarily true or does not necessarily exist; something that could be otherwise.
Creationism
The belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, rather than from natural processes such as evolution.
Darsana (Darshana)
(Sanskrit) Literally, "vision" or "seeing." In Indian philosophy, it refers to a school of philosophy or a system of thought. There are six orthodox (astika) darsanas: Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yog...
Darwinism
The theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin. In philosophy, it influenced naturalism and the understanding of human origins and ethics.
Deduction
A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from a set of premises, such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must necessarily be true. It moves from the general to the particular.
Deism
A rationalistic religious philosophy that believes in the existence of a God who created the universe but does not intervene in its daily functioning or in human affairs.
Deontology
The branch of ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions. It is often associated with the co...
Description
In logic and epistemology, a statement that lists the characteristics or properties of an object or event, as opposed to an explanation which seeks the cause.
Dharma
(Sanskrit) A complex term in Indian philosophy meaning duty, law, righteousness, or moral order. It refers to the path of right living and the essential nature of a thing.
Dhyana
(Sanskrit) Meditation or contemplation. In Yoga and Buddhist philosophy, it is a state of profound meditation where the mind is focused and calm, leading to higher states of consciousness.
Duty
A moral or legal obligation; an action that one is required to perform because of one's position or because of a moral law.
Dvaita
(Sanskrit) Dualism. A school of Vedanta philosophy founded by Madhvacharya which emphasizes the strict distinction between God (Brahman) and individual souls (Atman), as well as between God and the ma...
Eclecticism
A philosophical approach that does not hold to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or app...
Egoism
The ethical doctrine that self-interest is the proper goal of all human action. It is often divided into psychological egoism (people do act in their own interest) and ethical egoism (people ought to...
Ekagrata
(Sanskrit) One-pointedness of mind; intense concentration or focus on a single object. In Yoga philosophy, it is a stage of mental discipline necessary for achieving higher states of meditation.
Enlightenment
A state of perfect knowledge, understanding, or spiritual insight. In European history (The Enlightenment), it refers to an intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism over tradition.