ศัพท์ที่พบในแหล่งข้อมูลนี้
Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge. It asks questions like "What is knowledge?", "How is it acquired?", and "What are its limits?"
Eternal
Lasting or existing forever; without beginning or end. In metaphysics, it refers to that which is outside of time (timeless) rather than merely lasting for an infinite amount of time.
Ethics
The branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. It is also known as moral philosophy.
Evolution
The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms. In philosophy, it can also refer to the gradual development of ideas, societi...
Existentialism
A philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It holds that humans define their own meaning in life and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irra...
Faith
Belief that does not rest on logical proof or material evidence. In the philosophy of religion, it is often discussed in relation to reason, where faith may be seen as a way of knowing that transcends...
Fallacy
A mistake in reasoning; an argument that is logically unsound or follows a flawed pattern of inference. Fallacies are generally divided into formal fallacies (structural errors) and informal fallacies...
Feeling
An affective state of consciousness, such as pleasure, pain, or emotion. In ethics and aesthetics, feelings are often analyzed for their role in moral judgment and the appreciation of beauty.
Fetishism
The worship of an inanimate object (a fetish) believed to possess magical or spiritual powers or to be inhabited by a spirit.
Fideism
The view that faith is independent of, or even superior to, reason. Fideists argue that fundamental religious truths cannot be reached through intellectual inquiry but must be accepted through faith a...
Finite
Having bounds or limits; that which is not infinite. In metaphysics, the term is applied to beings or objects that are limited in space, time, or power.
Genius
In philosophy and aesthetics, an exceptional natural capacity of an individual for creative or intellectual achievement, often characterized by originality and a profound insight that goes beyond conv...
Gnosis
(Greek) Knowledge, especially spiritual or mystical knowledge. It refers to an intuitive, experiential understanding of divine truths that leads to salvation or liberation.
Golden Mean
In Aristotelian ethics, the desirable middle path between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. Virtue is seen as the habit of choosing this "mean" relative to us.
Good
The primary concept of ethics; that which is desirable, beneficial, or morally right. It is often divided into "instrumental good" (good for the sake of something else) and "intrinsic good" (good in i...
Greatest Happiness Principle
The central principle of Utilitarianism, formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which states that the right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greates...
Guna
(Sanskrit) Quality, attribute, or property. In the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy, it refers to the three fundamental forces or constituents of Prakriti (Nature): Sattva (purity, light), Rajas (a...
Guru
(Sanskrit) A spiritual teacher or guide. In Indian philosophy, the Guru is one who dispels the darkness of ignorance (Avidya) and leads the disciple toward spiritual enlightenment or realization.
Habit
A settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up. In ethics and psychology, it refers to an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary...
Happiness
A state of well-being and contentment. In ethics, it is often considered the ultimate goal of human action. Different schools define it differently: for Utilitarians, it is the presence of pleasure an...