ศัพท์ที่พบในแหล่งข้อมูลนี้
A Posteriori
(Latin) From the later; knowledge or justification that is dependent on experience or empirical evidence (e.g., "It is raining outside").
A Priori
(Latin) From the earlier; knowledge or justification that is independent of experience (e.g., "All bachelors are unmarried"); based on reason or deduction rather than observation.
Absolute (The)
The unconditioned and independent reality; that which is complete in itself and does not depend on anything else for its existence. In metaphysics, it often refers to the ultimate reality, God, or the...
Abstract
Existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. In logic, it refers to a concept formed by abstracting common features from specific examples.
Absurd
That which is contrary to reason or common sense; logically contradictory. In Existentialism, it refers to the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life and the "s...
Advaita
(Sanskrit) Non-dualism. A school of Vedanta philosophy which teaches that there is only one ultimate reality (Brahman) and that the individual soul (Atman) is identical with it.
Aesthetics
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
Agnosticism
The philosophical view that the truth values of certain claims—particularly metaphysical claims regarding theology, afterlife, or the existence of God—are unknown and inherently unknowable.
Ahimsa
(Sanskrit) Non-violence; the principle of refraining from causing harm to any living being, central to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain ethics.
Altruism
The belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others; the opposite of egoism.
Analytic
A type of proposition where the predicate is contained within the subject (e.g., "All bachelors are unmarried"). Its truth is known by analyzing the terms alone.
Archetype
An original model or pattern from which other things are of the same kind are copied or on which they are based. In Plato, it refers to the Forms or Ideas.
Asceticism
A lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals.
Atheism
The disbelief or lack of belief in the existence of God or gods.
Atman
(Sanskrit) The self or soul; the eternal, immutable essence of an individual, often distinguished from the empirical ego or body. In Advaita Vedanta, Atman is identical with Brahman.
Avidya
(Sanskrit) Ignorance or nescience; specifically, spiritual ignorance regarding the true nature of reality. It is often considered the root cause of suffering and the cycle of rebirth (Samsara).
Axiology
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of value and valuation. It includes the fields of ethics (moral value) and aesthetics (artistic value).
Bad
(Ethics) That which is evil or vicious; the opposite of good. In utilitarianism, that which produces pain or unhappiness.
Bahya-pratyaksha
(Sanskrit) External perception. In Indian logic (Nyaya), perception produced by the contact of the senses with external objects.
Beauty
A quality or combination of qualities in an object or concept that gives pleasure to the senses or to the mind. The central subject of aesthetics.